| BARRIOZONA |
| Bilingual Community Expression Published by the Hispanic Institute of Social Issues |
| BARRIOZONA in Atlanta, Georgia |
| An Essay on the Life of a Remarkable Leader |
| Martin Luther King, Jr. |
| A Doer, not a Dreamer... |
Atlanta, GA.- The creation of a national holiday to
honor the birthday of Martin Luther King, Jr., gives
us an idea of the proportion of the historical
importance and the achievements of this man, who
has come to be a transcendent symbol not only of
the dreams and hopes of African-Americans, but
also of other people in the world.
The impact of his work, within the context of the
civil rights movement of the mid XX century, is such
that even to this date "most renowned scholars
still have not determined what that impact is or
finally will be."
honor the birthday of Martin Luther King, Jr., gives
us an idea of the proportion of the historical
importance and the achievements of this man, who
has come to be a transcendent symbol not only of
the dreams and hopes of African-Americans, but
also of other people in the world.
The impact of his work, within the context of the
civil rights movement of the mid XX century, is such
that even to this date "most renowned scholars
still have not determined what that impact is or
finally will be."
| By Eduardo Barraza |
| Contact the Author Hispanic Institute of Social Issues © 2006 |
Martin Luther King was an exceptional, articulated voice that gave the movement a strong direction, a moral
definition, and a great grade of accomplishment. This voice came out of the mainstream of the Black-American
tradition of protest against injustice, segregation and bigotry. King was neither the first nor the only voice of the
struggle for racial equality, but his message, delivered with his unique personality, provided the movement with its
best representative of the people in this last century, arguably of all American history.
His quality and internal spiritual power to withstand hardship, his moral character –now challenged by evidence of
extramarital affairs– and his religious background, produced in him a necessary and special ability to distinguish the
difference between justice and injustice. He knew, since the beginning, that the movement was not an unfounded
revolt, but an inescapable appointment with history, a true social revolution that was about to transform the
national conscience of America.
King's philosophy of action was a true reflection of his Christian beliefs, theorized by his ecclesiastical and family
background, and actualized by the extreme pressure that he faced in the first weeks of his leadership with the
movement. His education, secular and theological, placed him on a platform of a deep understanding and
knowledge of social issues, which uplifted him above the average thinking of his times, This also enabled him to
shake the nation's conscience, by putting in front of America's face a mirror that confronted her with the ugliness of
racism and segregation.
When he unexpectedly appeared in the historical context of America, and within the frame work of the Black
struggle for freedom and equal rights, Martin Luther King, Jr., was a young Christian minister, pastor of the Dexter
Avenue Baptist Church, in Montgomery, Alabama, "he soon emerged as the preeminent spokesman... He was an
impressive figure and an inspiring speaker." The "Rosa Parks' incident," catapulted him into the leadership of the
just formed "Montgomery Improvement Association," created to direct and organize the bus boycott in Alabama in
1955, against the segregated system of transportation.
Mrs. Parks, a well respected lady in the community, refused to yield her seat in a bus to a white citizen, as it was
ordered by a segregationist local law, resulting in her arrest. This prompted the immediate action of community
leaders, thus setting the scenario for the legal struggle. E.D. Nixon, a local leader, with the agreement of Mrs. Parks
and her family, mobilized black leaders in Montgomery, when he recognized the arrest of Mrs. Parks as "the case
we've been waiting for...to break the situation on the bus."
The gifted, young new pastor of the Dexter Avenue Church was chosen by his fellow clergymen, as the spokesman
and president of the "Montgomery Improvement Association." Recalling this decision, King later confessed about his
election: "I was surprised to be elected...both from the standpoint of my age, but more from the fact that I was a
newcomer to Montgomery." He was also, "obsessed by a feeling of inadequacy.’”
However, King's newness in the community was precisely and as a matter of fact, what actually made him the ideal
candidate to direct the boycott. He also proved that he was not inadequate at all, but just the leader that would
become the best exponent of the civil rights movement from then on.
King's exceptional thought, plus his philosophy, gave to his actions a singular and very effective style. His message
consisted of the doctrine of Christian love, preached by Jesus, and the practice of civil disobedience, inspired by
Thoreau and Gandhi. Nonviolence and civil disobedience were the tactics to mobilize the people to confront the "Jim
Crow" system. Resistance through these methods resulted in much of the success of the movement.
King was not an advocate of violence. He did not believe in racial superiority either. His message was very
consistent with the natural law and the eternal truth. On this topic, he was, specially articulated and bright. He
explained and defined the two types of laws: just and unjust. "A just law is a man-made code that squares with
the moral law of God. An unjust law is a code that is out of harmony with the moral law of God...Any law that uplifts
human personality is just. Any law that degrades human personality is unjust," wrote King, while being jailed in
Birmingham for the violation of an "unjust law."
He viewed blacks and whites as equal. He fought to established equality, not superiority. He perceived life as
worthy, regardless of a particular exterior human appearance. In a speech that he delivered in Nashville,
Tennessee on December 27, 1962, before a church conference, he spoke about ethical demands for integration:
"The life of an individual does not lie in the measure of his intellect, his racial origin, or his social position. Human
worth lies in relatedness to God. An individual has value because he has value to God. Whenever this is
recognized, 'whiteness' and 'blackness’ pass away as determinants in a relationship and 'son' and 'brother' are
substituted.”
Martin Luther King, Jr., spoke in such a powerful way that, not only Americans, but also around the world, his
courage, moral character and activism were recognized in favor of a more equal society. Thus, he became the
recipient of the Nobel Price for Peace in 1964.
Through his leadership, many victories were won during the twelve years he was active in the movement, as well
as several defeats. King was not successful in bringing a total conviction to the entire black community and to his
fellow activists. In the midst of dissension, he stressed the fact that violence was not a viable way to accomplish
equality. He did not seek to humiliate the "white brother,” but to eliminate hatred evil in the interaction between
both races. Nevertheless, nonviolence was not seen by many leaders as the proper way to achieve their goals.
This caused a great gap within the movement.
“Black Power,” the philosophy of using violent means to obtain social equality by African-Americans, challenged
King's doctrine of nonviolence, and split the movement. Black leaders as Malcon X and Stokely Carmichael pushed
for separatism and inequality. But King remained, until his death, an apostle of nonviolence.
Martin Luther King was a profuse thinker. He gave many public speeches and wrote numerous writings. One of his
major speeches was the "I have a Dream,” delivered in the context of the “March to Washington,” in August 1963.
His exemplary qualities as a man, his skills and attributes, his understanding of the civil rights struggle, and his
advocacy for nonviolent activism, gave him a prominent place in human history. His faith grew in the same
proportion of the opposition he faced.
Until his tragic death, he remained fully persuaded that the avoidance of violence was not a choice, but the only
moral way to obtain equal rights and freedom. He understood that respect and dignity are not attainable by using
disrespect, or by seeing white people as unworthy. He believed that America, in order to be a true great nation,
needed to live out its credo of men’s and women’s equality. He envisioned a just, equal society where the basis of
judging a person would be based on the character, instead of judging by the color of the skin.
King's legacy is very alive today. Legislation on racial issues that was won by the movement 40 years ago has been
reshaping the landscape of America. Much of his dream has become a reality to a great extent, for many African-
Americans, as well as for other ethnic groups in the U.S., within the context of legal justice and rights.
Discrimination, though not legal, it is still real and very alive also. Hatred and prejudice are rooted in the human
heart, and no law can exterminate it. But King's work transformed the legal scenario and Blacks now enjoy the
fruits of his efforts.
We still "must come to see that the end we seek is a society at peace with itself, a society that can live with its
conscience. That will be the day not of the white man, not of the black man. That will be the day of man as man."
definition, and a great grade of accomplishment. This voice came out of the mainstream of the Black-American
tradition of protest against injustice, segregation and bigotry. King was neither the first nor the only voice of the
struggle for racial equality, but his message, delivered with his unique personality, provided the movement with its
best representative of the people in this last century, arguably of all American history.
His quality and internal spiritual power to withstand hardship, his moral character –now challenged by evidence of
extramarital affairs– and his religious background, produced in him a necessary and special ability to distinguish the
difference between justice and injustice. He knew, since the beginning, that the movement was not an unfounded
revolt, but an inescapable appointment with history, a true social revolution that was about to transform the
national conscience of America.
King's philosophy of action was a true reflection of his Christian beliefs, theorized by his ecclesiastical and family
background, and actualized by the extreme pressure that he faced in the first weeks of his leadership with the
movement. His education, secular and theological, placed him on a platform of a deep understanding and
knowledge of social issues, which uplifted him above the average thinking of his times, This also enabled him to
shake the nation's conscience, by putting in front of America's face a mirror that confronted her with the ugliness of
racism and segregation.
When he unexpectedly appeared in the historical context of America, and within the frame work of the Black
struggle for freedom and equal rights, Martin Luther King, Jr., was a young Christian minister, pastor of the Dexter
Avenue Baptist Church, in Montgomery, Alabama, "he soon emerged as the preeminent spokesman... He was an
impressive figure and an inspiring speaker." The "Rosa Parks' incident," catapulted him into the leadership of the
just formed "Montgomery Improvement Association," created to direct and organize the bus boycott in Alabama in
1955, against the segregated system of transportation.
Mrs. Parks, a well respected lady in the community, refused to yield her seat in a bus to a white citizen, as it was
ordered by a segregationist local law, resulting in her arrest. This prompted the immediate action of community
leaders, thus setting the scenario for the legal struggle. E.D. Nixon, a local leader, with the agreement of Mrs. Parks
and her family, mobilized black leaders in Montgomery, when he recognized the arrest of Mrs. Parks as "the case
we've been waiting for...to break the situation on the bus."
The gifted, young new pastor of the Dexter Avenue Church was chosen by his fellow clergymen, as the spokesman
and president of the "Montgomery Improvement Association." Recalling this decision, King later confessed about his
election: "I was surprised to be elected...both from the standpoint of my age, but more from the fact that I was a
newcomer to Montgomery." He was also, "obsessed by a feeling of inadequacy.’”
However, King's newness in the community was precisely and as a matter of fact, what actually made him the ideal
candidate to direct the boycott. He also proved that he was not inadequate at all, but just the leader that would
become the best exponent of the civil rights movement from then on.
King's exceptional thought, plus his philosophy, gave to his actions a singular and very effective style. His message
consisted of the doctrine of Christian love, preached by Jesus, and the practice of civil disobedience, inspired by
Thoreau and Gandhi. Nonviolence and civil disobedience were the tactics to mobilize the people to confront the "Jim
Crow" system. Resistance through these methods resulted in much of the success of the movement.
King was not an advocate of violence. He did not believe in racial superiority either. His message was very
consistent with the natural law and the eternal truth. On this topic, he was, specially articulated and bright. He
explained and defined the two types of laws: just and unjust. "A just law is a man-made code that squares with
the moral law of God. An unjust law is a code that is out of harmony with the moral law of God...Any law that uplifts
human personality is just. Any law that degrades human personality is unjust," wrote King, while being jailed in
Birmingham for the violation of an "unjust law."
He viewed blacks and whites as equal. He fought to established equality, not superiority. He perceived life as
worthy, regardless of a particular exterior human appearance. In a speech that he delivered in Nashville,
Tennessee on December 27, 1962, before a church conference, he spoke about ethical demands for integration:
"The life of an individual does not lie in the measure of his intellect, his racial origin, or his social position. Human
worth lies in relatedness to God. An individual has value because he has value to God. Whenever this is
recognized, 'whiteness' and 'blackness’ pass away as determinants in a relationship and 'son' and 'brother' are
substituted.”
Martin Luther King, Jr., spoke in such a powerful way that, not only Americans, but also around the world, his
courage, moral character and activism were recognized in favor of a more equal society. Thus, he became the
recipient of the Nobel Price for Peace in 1964.
Through his leadership, many victories were won during the twelve years he was active in the movement, as well
as several defeats. King was not successful in bringing a total conviction to the entire black community and to his
fellow activists. In the midst of dissension, he stressed the fact that violence was not a viable way to accomplish
equality. He did not seek to humiliate the "white brother,” but to eliminate hatred evil in the interaction between
both races. Nevertheless, nonviolence was not seen by many leaders as the proper way to achieve their goals.
This caused a great gap within the movement.
“Black Power,” the philosophy of using violent means to obtain social equality by African-Americans, challenged
King's doctrine of nonviolence, and split the movement. Black leaders as Malcon X and Stokely Carmichael pushed
for separatism and inequality. But King remained, until his death, an apostle of nonviolence.
Martin Luther King was a profuse thinker. He gave many public speeches and wrote numerous writings. One of his
major speeches was the "I have a Dream,” delivered in the context of the “March to Washington,” in August 1963.
His exemplary qualities as a man, his skills and attributes, his understanding of the civil rights struggle, and his
advocacy for nonviolent activism, gave him a prominent place in human history. His faith grew in the same
proportion of the opposition he faced.
Until his tragic death, he remained fully persuaded that the avoidance of violence was not a choice, but the only
moral way to obtain equal rights and freedom. He understood that respect and dignity are not attainable by using
disrespect, or by seeing white people as unworthy. He believed that America, in order to be a true great nation,
needed to live out its credo of men’s and women’s equality. He envisioned a just, equal society where the basis of
judging a person would be based on the character, instead of judging by the color of the skin.
King's legacy is very alive today. Legislation on racial issues that was won by the movement 40 years ago has been
reshaping the landscape of America. Much of his dream has become a reality to a great extent, for many African-
Americans, as well as for other ethnic groups in the U.S., within the context of legal justice and rights.
Discrimination, though not legal, it is still real and very alive also. Hatred and prejudice are rooted in the human
heart, and no law can exterminate it. But King's work transformed the legal scenario and Blacks now enjoy the
fruits of his efforts.
We still "must come to see that the end we seek is a society at peace with itself, a society that can live with its
conscience. That will be the day not of the white man, not of the black man. That will be the day of man as man."
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Albert, P.J. and Hoffman, Ronald, Editors (1990). We Shall Overcome, Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Black Freedom Struggle. Pantheon Books,
New York.
Nash and Jeffrey (1994, 3rd. Edition). The American People, Creating a Nation and a Society. HarperCollinsCollegePujblis-her, New York.
Nash and Jeffrey (1994, 3rd Edition). The American People, Creating-, a Nation and a Society. HarperCollinsCollegePublisher, New York.
Albert, P.J. and Hoffman, Ronald, Editors (1990). We Shall Overcome, Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Black Freedom Struggle. Pantheon Books,
New York.
Albert, P.J. and Hoffman, Ronald, Editors (1990). We Shall Overcome, Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Black Freedom Struggle. Pantheon Books,
New York.
Washington, James M., Editor (1986). A Testament of Hope, The Essential Writings and speeches of Martin Luther King, Jr. ("Letter from a
Birmingham City Jail". King, 1963) . HarperSanFrancisco, New York.
Washington, James M., Editor (1986). A Testament of Hope, The Essential Speeches and Writings of Martin Luther King, Jr. ("The Ethical
Demands for Integration". King, 1963). HarperSanFrancisco, New York.
Washington, James M., Editor (1986). A Testament of Hope, The Essential Speeches and Writings of Martin Luther King, Jr. ("Our God is
Marching On!" Montgomery, Alabama speech. King, 1965). HarperSanFrancisco, New York.
Albert, P.J. and Hoffman, Ronald, Editors (1990). We Shall Overcome, Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Black Freedom Struggle. Pantheon Books,
New York.
Nash and Jeffrey (1994, 3rd. Edition). The American People, Creating a Nation and a Society. HarperCollinsCollegePujblis-her, New York.
Nash and Jeffrey (1994, 3rd Edition). The American People, Creating-, a Nation and a Society. HarperCollinsCollegePublisher, New York.
Albert, P.J. and Hoffman, Ronald, Editors (1990). We Shall Overcome, Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Black Freedom Struggle. Pantheon Books,
New York.
Albert, P.J. and Hoffman, Ronald, Editors (1990). We Shall Overcome, Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Black Freedom Struggle. Pantheon Books,
New York.
Washington, James M., Editor (1986). A Testament of Hope, The Essential Writings and speeches of Martin Luther King, Jr. ("Letter from a
Birmingham City Jail". King, 1963) . HarperSanFrancisco, New York.
Washington, James M., Editor (1986). A Testament of Hope, The Essential Speeches and Writings of Martin Luther King, Jr. ("The Ethical
Demands for Integration". King, 1963). HarperSanFrancisco, New York.
Washington, James M., Editor (1986). A Testament of Hope, The Essential Speeches and Writings of Martin Luther King, Jr. ("Our God is
Marching On!" Montgomery, Alabama speech. King, 1965). HarperSanFrancisco, New York.
| Public Domain. U.S. News & World Report Magazine Collection at the U.S. Library of Congress. |
| BARRIOZONA in ATLANTA, GEORGIA BARRIOZONA’s editor traveled to Atlanta, Georgia, to visit the neighborhood known as “Sweet Auburn,” and walked on the most famous avenue of Black history - Auburn Avenue – where the most prominent Civil Rights Movement’s leader of the XX Century, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., was born, raised, and is buried today. Walking from Peachtree Center Avenue to 501 Auburn – the address of the house where King was born – through historic Ebenezer Baptist Church, King’s resting place, the King Center, and the MLK National Historic Site, Eduardo Barraza is able to bring readers a unique glimpse of a remarkable man and a unique historic avenue, where history is both amazing and imposing. |
